Physics Experiment Spectroscopy, Hydrogen, Mercury,...

Experiment#1: SPECTROSCOPY Introduction: (a)The purpose of the experiment: To observe the emission spectra of hydrogen, mercury, other gases and light sources using spectroscopy. (b)The theoretical background: Classical physics theories could not explain why the bright lines at discrete wavelengths appeared, but with the advent of Bohr’s model of atom, it was now possible to explain this phenomenon, which also used the key concepts of classical physics. Bohr’s theory states that an electron can reside in any of the several orbits inside an atom. The energy associated with such an orbit number is given by the following equation: E=-2.18*ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-18) J(1/n^2 ) where E is the energy of the electron, n is the orbital number. In the experiment, our main focus will be on the energy difference when an electron moves from one orbit to another: ÃŽ ´E=E_final-E_initial, which can be re-written as ÃŽ ´E=-2.18*ã€â€"10ã€â€"^(-18) J(1/(n_final^2 )-1/(n_initial^2 )) By exposing hydrogen to electromagnetic radiation, hydrogen electron on the n=1 orbital (ground state) gains energy and moves to a higher energy level, n=2, n=3 etc. The orbital to which the electron jumps depends on the amount of energy it absorbs, which is explained by Plank’s theory which states that the energy associated with each energy level is discrete: energy levels are quantized. One essential point to note is that an electron can only move from one orbital to another, not between them. For example, an electron can only moveShow MoreRelatedThe Complex And Interesting Optical Properties Essay2450 Words   |  10 Pagesencountered in these structures are resonances . Plasmon modes exist in a number of geometries and in various metals — most importantly in noble metals such as gold, copper and silver. Under certain circumstances plasmons are excited by light, which leads to strong light scattering and absorption and an enhancement of the local electromagnetic fie ld. In 1989, based upon calculations, Neeves and Birnboim proposed that a composite spherical particle with a dielectric core and a metallic shell could produceRead MoreEvolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology5337 Words   |  22 PagesLSPR) in the visual spectrum. The frequency of the LSPR is mightily dependent on various properties of the NP. The optical properties of metal NP are mightily affected by their composition, shape, size, and concerning climate, like the closeness of other particles. These nano-particles, in a collective surround the core, will do a shell. Metal nanoshells have shown formidable troth for systematic engineering of SPR. These are composite nanoparticles that make of a dielectric core covered with a few

Insight Into Human Behavior in Sociology - 827 Words

Sociology is the study of societies. Sociology analyses the various social phenomena, such as ethnicity, gender, and sexuality, to gain a better understanding of the dominating values [and norms] that underpin a society’s function and provides an individual with a sense of belonging or attachment. This insight into human behaviour, both as an individual and as part of a group, has been the foundation for sociological thinking in the past and is still relevant in understanding the present and future. This essay is broken into three main points - the history; legacy systems and thinking; and institutions role in modern society - to support sociologys role in helping us to understand sex, gender, and sexualities as important social†¦show more content†¦In Acker’s (1990, pg XX) findings on gendering patterns on the divisions of labour, it is noted that â€Å"men are almost always in the highest positions of organizational power†. Meyer (2003, pg XX) supports this statement by outlining the effect globalization has had on women in the labour market, noting opportunities have increased but the barriers for advancement still remain. Following on, in 2012, the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2012) ‘Leaders in Top 200 Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) Companies’ series reported that only 3.5% of Chief Executive Officer’s (CEO) were female. Also highlighted within this series is only 12% of board directorships and 10% of executive key management positions were occupied by females. These results in present day society still reflect the struggles faced in first-wave feminism. Conclusions drawn by studying gender can vary significantly. In the corporate world we see the inequalities faced by women in organizational hierarchy and power, but when we look at gender in terms of social support, we see something very different. As patriarchy is associated with the ‘law of the father’, masculine characteristics are considered the ‘norm’. However this ‘norm’ hinders men in relation to social support and in some cases networking. As characteristics, such as empathy and compassion are considered feminine, men tend not to exhibit these traits in their friendships and closeShow MoreRelatedSociology : Sociological And Scientific Study Of Human Behavior And Social Interaction1037 Words   |  5 PagesGiven the many theories and ideas that have influenced the development of sociology, it is possible to misunderstand what sociology truly means. As humanity enters into the 21st century, the study of society has become more relevant t han ever. In this day and age where everybody is part of a society, it is crucial to understand the social dynamics invisible to the naked eye. Sociology provides critical insight into what problems our world currently faces and what we can do to prevent further problemsRead MoreAsdfghjkl894 Words   |  4 PagesSociology Research Area * * Aging and the Life Course * Alcohol and Substance Abuse * Asia amp; Asian America * Collective Behavior and Social Movements * Community and Urban Sociology * Comparative and Historical Sociology * Sociology and Computers * Crime, Law amp; Deviance * Economic Sociology * Environment amp; Technology * Family amp; Marriage * History of Sociology * International Migration * Latino/aRead MoreWhat Is Sociology?1062 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the social. Seeing the general in the particular. In his short book ‘Invitation to Sociology’(1963) characterized the sociological perspective as seeing the generalRead MoreCourse Reflection : Role Theory949 Words   |  4 Pagespersons are members of social positions and hold expectations for their own behaviors and those of other individuals (Biddle, 1986). Role theory attempts to elucidate important characteristics of human behavior—the fact that human beings behave in ways that are different and predictable depending on their respective social identities or roles (Biddle, 1986). Roles, whether self-identified, or projected, provide insight into behaviors and beliefs. My prior educational background in Family Studies has greatlyRead MoreSociological Knowledge in Nursing Essays1301 Words   |  6 PagesSociology is the study of human social behavior, communities and society. It involves the evolution of society and human behavior and it focuses on how society can change human behavior based on interaction with each other (Bennett, B., 2009 p.2). Nursing is a health care profession which concentrates in supporting individuals, their families, and societies as a whole in preserving, attaining and improving best possible health and functioning (Kozier, et al., 2010 pp. 8-9). Sociological knowledgeRead MoreSocial Psychology : An Individual1117 Words   |  5 PagesSpecific subjects such as attitudes, group behaviors, and other related sources will be cited throughout this essay. Some of the research methods used in social psychology to determine how individuals affect groups or how groups affect an individual will be discussed in this essay. Keywords: group behaviors, social cognition, attitudes, prejudice and discrimination Social Psychology Social psychology is the branch of psychology which studies the behavior of an individual in the society. Social PsychologyRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Development Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagespg. 132). Repression is one of Freud’s many theories to try and explain humans’ actions and behaviors. He supposed that through operant conditioning, people have learned how to act in ways that society would consider as appropriate. Not only that, the father of psychology wrote the theory of personality development and the theories of aggression that have help sociologists understand the contemporary humans’ social behavior, on topics such as violence and social life. So is violence [aggression]Read MoreInvitation to Sociology: A Classic Overview Essay630 Words   |  3 Pages1. What kind of a person should a sociologist be? A sociologist should be able to observe and understand the realities of human behavior and the social settings in which it happens without being influenced emotionally or personally. What does Berger mean when he refers to sociologists as Professional Peeping Toms? 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Sociology ranges frome a wide spectrum of topics, and is nearly unlimited as humans interact with almost everything in some form. Sociologists gather and analyze the evidence about social life to our uincrease our knowledge and understanding of social processes and interactions. The research methods sociologists use are varied and heavily depend on the type of information they are looking to obtain

Discussion About Genetically Modified Foods free essay sample

Genetically modified foods: Beneficial views Adverse views a. What is the possible risk for genetically modified crops considering nutrition and health? b. Whether the economic effects are the most important? c. Will it bring severe environment problems? III. Arguments for beneficial effects of GM foods a. Firstly, transgenic technology has made considerable progress in food applications. b. Transgenic food has successfully lowered food prices and ensured food safety. c. GM foods significantly reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. Introduction The author, Magana-Gomez, critically analyzed the risk assessment methods of transgenic food for human nutrition and health in the paper, â€Å"Risk assessment of genetically modified crops for nutrition and health†. Magana reviewed various modes including different feeding period, animal modes and parameters in the paper published in 2011 by Nutrition Reviews (Magana G, 2009). In consistent with his studies, negative effects of GM food were identified â€Å"at molecular and microscopic levels†. However, with our entry into the 21st century, genetically modified foods have undergone even faster development. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion About Genetically Modified Foods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, there are also many doubts about the safety of genetically modified foods. Therefore, genetically modified foods have become a hot topic issue. Personally, although there are many controversies about GM food, I still insist on the research and promotion of transgenic food due to its diverse benefits. Views According to Curieux-Belfond CL, he could identify the factors that deserve consideration before â€Å"commercialization and promotion of transgenic food† (182). In this paper, â€Å"Factors to condider before production and commercialization of aquatic genetically modified organisms: the case of transgenic salmon†, the author took transgenic salmon as an example, in which Curieux-Belfond examined the corresponding impacts in terms of aquaculture, wildlife, ecosystem and human health. The paper published in 2011 by Evironmental Science Policy suggested that GM food undoubtedly contributed to economic benefits without exerting too much extra burden (Curieux B, 2009). In the end, the author believed that the benefits of genetically modified foods far outweigh the disadvantages. Analysis of the benefits of genetically modified foods Magana’s argument is persuasive when he assessed the risks about GM food. However, since genetic engineering techniques have successfully transferred anti-viral, insect resistance, cold resistance and other genes to cotton, wheat, tomatoes and other plants, we can get stable new varieties of genetically modified, with low production cost and high-yield food, which will ease the world food shortage and reduce the use of pesticides to a large extent. Based on the above reasons, I will provide a critical analysis with the following specific examples which show his argument is partially wrong. Firstly, transgenic technology has also made considerable progress in animal food applications. At present, a variety of mammal and bird genes are successfully integrated into the genome of fish, which can significantly enhance transgenic fish muscle protein content and improve growth speed. With the development of genetic engineering technology, people have been freed from natural enzymes to a large extent. Especially when the enzyme obtained from natural protein material encounters difficulties, genetic engineering has the unique advantages of natural gene cloning (Seralini GE, 2011). Thus, it can be highly expressed in microorganisms with mass production by fermentation. At present, the transgenic enzymes are widely used in the food industry, such as maltose enzymes amylase, pectinase and the juice protease. The food nutritional quality modified by genetic engineering has also made remarkable achievements. For instance, the genetic engineering technology has been applied for seed protein improvement, which renders it possible to change the plant composition and amino acid content. Secondly, transgenic food has successfully lowered food prices and ensured food safety, which helps increase production and food supply while reducing the farm labor and pesticide applications, agricultural inputs and production costs (Weasel LH, 2009). In the future, GM crops have great potential in solving the food crisis. For instance, by applying transgenic technology to the human staple foods of rice and wheat, people can increase food production and improve nutritional quality, which will provide mankind with higher-quality food. Furthermore, GM foods have also proved effective in alleviating poverty and hunger. The world’s poorest 50% of the population are small and resource-poor farmers, while 20% living in rural areas without their own land actually depend on agriculture. Therefore, the increase in small-scale and resource-poor farmers’ income will directly assist 70% of the world’s poorest people (Curieux-Belfond O, 2009). So far, genetically modified cotton in India, China and South Africa have already made a significant contribution to more than 1. 2 million poor farmers’ income. The benefits of genetically modified corn in the Philippines and South Africa will be much clearer in the future. In addition, genetically modified rice has great potential to benefit 250 million poor families in Asia, whose benefits will reach 10 million people (Curieux-Belfond O, 2009). Transgenic food also helps to reduce land development. Transgenic technology has been developed to improve the current 1. billion hectares of arable land productivity through conservation of biological resources, thereby reducing land development and deforestation. Thirdly, I will demonstrate such improvement since they significantly reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. Traditional agriculture has a significant impact on the environment, and transgenic biotechnology can help reduce this impact. In the first decade of appli cation of genetically modified crops, by planting herbicide and insect-resistant characteristics, transgenic technologies have greatly reduced the use of pesticides, saved fossil fuels and reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Undoubtedly, genetically modified crops with drought-tolerant genes will improve water-use efficiency and maintain sustainable agricultural development, which will play an important role in easing the crisis of population growth and global food shortage (Artemis D, 2009). GM crops have also contributed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in two main ways, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping slow climate change. First, by reducing fuel use, the spraying of insecticides and herbicides, GM crops continue to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In 2007, genetic engineering has been stated to reduce 1. billion kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions, which is equivalent to a decrease of 50 million cars from the road. Secondly, herbicide-resistant GM crops help reduce tillage applications, which protects the land and enhances soil carbon sequestration. Conclusions Despite the many advantages of GM food, we cannot ignore the risks. After genetically modified foods have been taken into th e human body, they may cause harm to human health. Moreover, after a large number of transgenic crops come into nature, they may be biologically harmful to ecosystems. Since the risks of GM food is serous, it is important for us to reflect on it first. Any of the scientific and technological developments should be comprehensive and provide well-being for human life. If genetically modified foods can only increase our economic interests and improved material life without the moral, social and environmental harmony, they cannot be defined as making great contribution to social development. Therefore, whether GM food is a benefit or a disadvantage really depends on what kind of human values people hold (Qaim M. 2009). That is the question we reflect on deeply. In contemporary society, with the rapid development of science and technology, the economic situation of the human and the material standard of living has been soaring. It seems that mankind is taking great proud for the advanced technology. However, we should look back to what the living environment we rely on is subjected to. Therefore, genetically modified foods are seen as the savior of mankind, which is actually human self-centered ideology. Of course, with the continuous development of biotechnology and genetic engineering, human beings have the ability to create more genetically modified food.

Private Language free essay sample

Philosophical analysis of nature, possibility personal social significance of language with meaning only for speaker, as explored in ideas of Locke Wittgenstein. The concept of a private language has been approached in different ways by different theorists and researchers. Numerous philosophers in the last half of this century have asked whether there can be human languages that are private. John Locke held in 1660 that private languages are possible and indeed necessary. He held in fact that every language is necessarily private and that the meaning or signification of words having a meaning is necessarily an idea in the mind of the speaker. For Locke, a word cannot signify something in the mind of the speaker and in the mind of the listener as well. If that were true, then the world would both immediately signify either something in someone elses mind or a physical object, meaning that the speaker would mean by his or her words something of which he or she had no knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Locke says that language has as its immediate purpose..